Preoperative planning of gluteoplasty and Brazilian Butt Lift (BBL): Some considerations on the aesthetics of female buttocks

Edoardo Raposio; Ilaria Baldelli

doi:10.23750/abm.v96i3.16916

Preoperative planning of gluteoplasty and Brazilian Butt Lift (BBL): Some considerations on the aesthetics of female buttocks

Authors

Edoardo Raposio Plastic Surgery Chair, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genova, Italy - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-0243
Ilaria Baldelli Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy

Keywords:

buttocks, aesthetic surgery, body contouring

Abstract

Modern cosmetic surgery has seen an increase in demand for gluteal enhancement procedures, reflecting an evolution in beauty standards. This paper reviews some aesthetic ideals and beauty characteristics associated with the female buttocks, examining key attributes of the buttocks that contribute to an ideal appearance, including volume, shape, and proportions. An understanding of these characteristics is essential for clinicians in aesthetic gluteal surgery to meet patient expectations and achieve visually pleasing outcomes.

References

Swami V, Tran US, Stieger S. The Influence of Culture on Female Body Image and Ideal Body Types. Body Image. 2015; 12(1): 50-6.

Frederick DA, Peplau LA, Lever J. The Slim and the Curvy: Cultural Ideals of Female Body Shape. Psychol Aesth Creat Arts. 2017; 11(2): 140-50.

Raposio E, Belgrano V, Santi P, Chiorri C. Which is the Ideal Breast Size?: Some Social Clues for Plastic Surgeons. Ann Plast Surg. 2016 Mar;76(3):340-5.

Singh D. Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Perception of Female Attractiveness. J Person Soc Psychol. 1993; 65(2): 293-307.

Glanville K, Patel S, Thomas P. Anthropometric Studies on Gluteal Aesthetics. Ann Plast Surg. 2021; 87(5): 654-62.

Venkatachalam S, Shridharani S., Spring MA. Defining the Ideal Buttock Shape: A Survey of Patient Preferences and Clinical Implications. Aesth Surg J. 2019; 39(8); 857-62.

Cansancao A, Neves C, Vasconcelos R. Brazilian Butt Lift: Techniques, Risks, and Outcomes. Aesth Surg J. 2020; 40(6): 789-97.

Patel AJ, Ziai H, Avedian RS. Complications in Gluteal Augmentation Surgery: A Retrospective Study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018; 142(4): 789-95.

Raposio E, Morello A, Raposio G. The “Arrow Factor” in Gluteoplasty and Brazilian Butt Lift. Plast Reconstr Surg Global Open. 2025;13(1):e6468.

Raposio E, Brocca S, Raposio G. Relationship between the ideal female buttock and the golden ratio. Plast Reconstr Surg Global Open. 2024; 12(9):p e6183.

Sarhan M, van der Beek J, Curinga G. Infragluteal Fold Definition in Gluteal Surgery. Aesth Plast Surg. 2017; 41(1): 29-36.

Raposio E, Baldelli I, Vappiani M, Gualdi A, Raposio G. The ideal buttock: Some aesthetic and morphometric considerations. Eur J Plast Surg. 2023; 46: 915-21.